Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a 4G wireless broadband technology developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), an industry trade group. 3GPP engineers named it "Long Term Evolution" because it represents the next step in a progression from GSM, a 2G standard, to UMTS, the 3G technologies based upon GSM. LTE provides significantly increased peak data rates, with the potential for 100 Mbps downstream and 30 Mbps upstream, reduced latency, scalable bandwidth capacity, and backwards compatibility with existing GSM and UMTS technology. Future developments could yield peak throughput on the order of 300 Mbps.

The upper layers of LTE are based upon TCP/IP, which will likely result in an all-IP network similar to the current state of wired communications. LTE will support mixed data, voice, video and messaging traffic. LTE uses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) and, in later releases, MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) antenna technology similar to that used in the IEEE 802.11n wireless local area network (WLAN) standard. The higher signal to noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver enabled by MIMO, along with OFDM, provides improved coverage and throughput, especially in dense urban areas.

LTE is scheduled to be launched commercially in 2010 by Verizon Wireless and AT&T Wireless. T-Mobile and Alltel have also announced plans to roll out 4G capabilities based on LTE. These networks will compete with Clearwire's WiMAX for both enterprise and consumer broadband wireless customers. Outside of the US telecommunications market, GSM is the dominant mobile standard, with more than 80% of the world's cellular phone users. As a result, HSDPA and then LTE are the likely wireless broadband technologies of choice for most users. Nortel and other infrastructure vendors are focusing significant research and development efforts on the creation of LTE base stations to meet the expected demand. When implemented, LTE has the potential to bring pervasive computing to a global audience, with a wire-like experience for mobile users everywhere.

Source: www.whatis.techtarget.com

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Blu-Ray

Blu-ray is an optical disc format designed to display high definition video and store large amounts of data.

Blu-ray is the successor to DVD. The standard was developed collaboratively by Hitachi, LG, Matsushita (Panasonic), Pioneer, Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, and Thomson. It became the default optical disk standard for HD content and optical data storage after winning a format war with HD-DVD, the format promoted by Toshiba and NEC.

The format is called Blu-ray because of the blue laser used to read from and write to the disc. DVD players use red lasers. The blue laser has a 405 nanometer (nm) wavelength that can focus more tightly than the red laser used for DVD. As a consequence, a Blu-ray disc can store much more data in the same 12 centimeter space. Blu-ray discs will not play on current CD and DVD players, as the players lack the laser required to read the discs. Blu-ray players equipped with multiple laser heads can play CDs and DVDs. Like the rewritable DVD formats, Blu-ray uses phase change technology to enable repeated writing to the disc.

Blu-ray disks have a standard capacity of 27 gigabyte (GB) single-sided capacity and 50 GB on dual-layer discs. Single-sided Blu-ray discs can store up to 13 hours of standard video data, compared to single-sided DVD's 133 minutes Blu-ray also features data streams at 36 megabytes per second (Mbps), fast enough for high quality video recording. In July 2008, Pioneer announced that they had found a way to increase capacity to 500 GB by creating 20-layer discs. These discs are not, however, expected to be commercially available in the near future.

Blu-ray disc players (BDPs) are available from a number of manufacturers, including Panasonic, Pioneer, Samsung and Sony. Sony's Playstation 3 also has a Blu-ray drive installed.

source: www.whatis.techtarget.com

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Genetic Programming

Lately I was introduced to a new methodology of programming called Genetic Programming. Genetic Programming is a revolutionary algorithm based methodology inspired by biological evolution to find computer programs that performs a user-defined task. It is a specialization of genetic algorithms where each individual is a computer program.

Therefore it is a machine learning technique used to optimize a population of computer programs according to a fitness landscape determined by a program's ability to perform a given computational task.

Genetic Programming involves creating an environment in which tiny computer programs can evolve. This environment, also known as "the Universe", is a breeding pool for programs to pair and swap lines of codes as well as mutating.

In an article posted by NASA, Genetic Algorithms were used in designing high-efficiency antenna for space technology projects. The team were able to produce two designs using GA and was dubbed as the two best designs based on a criteria.

References
Genetic Programming using VB6
Genetic Programming - Wikipedia
Automated Antenna design using Genetic Algorithm